Aside from the painful observation that young Rena might indeed be even more horribly voiced than Suzu and Yui, I could not help but notice her charming fondness for the mythological
kappa, the legendary water trickster and mischievous anus-ravaging vampire of the Far East! The following excerpts from Michael Dylan Foster's
The Metamorphosis of the Kappa provide some highly interesting insights, very much relevant to Codexian interests:
Not only does the
kappa have a penchant for pulling both children and adults into the water, but it often does this in order to steal the liver, a feat it achieves by
reaching its arm up through the victim’s anus to snatch the desired organ. This propensity is not limited to a desire for human body parts; indeed the most comprehensive scholarly research done on
kappa has concerned its habit of pulling into the water both horses and cows. Before the kappa can reach a human’s liver, however, it must also take an organ called the
shirikodama (尻子玉). According to a standard Japanese dictionary, a
shirikodama is "a ball once thought to be at the mouth of the anus” (Kindaichi 1989, 564). The result of having a
shirikodama taken by a
kappa— inevitably—is death. Physiologically, however, this organ does not exist.
One explanation for the belief then is that the bodies of drowning victims have an “open anus” as if something has been removed (ISHIKAWA 1985, 120). It has been noted, however, that this loosening of the sphincter muscles in death is not limitd to drowning victims (Ono 1994, 51), so the belief still remains rather mysterious. Other explanations of the
shirikodama and liver-taking tendencies of the
kappa relate that these are offerings brought to a
snake-shaped dragon deity (Ando and SEINO 1993, 41); this explanation explicitly links the
kappa legend to various folk religious beliefs in Japan and other parts of Asia.
Linguistically, a homonymic relationship between the word
tama 玉,meaning ball or jewel, and
tama 魂, meaning spirit or soul, has also been suggested (Ono 1994, 52). The character
tama 霊, also meaning spirit or soul, represents another possible correlation. Thus, the jewel or ball contains the
soul or spirit; its removal means death for the human and
extended life and
potency for the
kappa.
The
kappa belief, therefore, may embody deeply rooted anal and scatological associations.
Anal-erotic links indeed seem evident in the stories that describe the victim of a shirikodama attack smiling somewhat ecstatically at the instant of violation. The kappa's obsession with the
shiri 尻 (buttocks, hips) is made apparent in legends that describe the
kappa hiding in the toilet, waiting to stroke or fondle a female victim’s
shiri. Although this particular habit of the
kappa is not considered a murderous one, it portrays the
kappa as a mischievous and sexually threatening creature; Ono somewhat facetiously labels the
kappa a “pioneer of sexual harassment”.
Orikuchi points out that, in the past, toilets were often situated above rivers; more important, however, is his suggestion that if we go back to an early legend of a
kappa transforming itself into a red lacquered arrow and entering the “shy place” of a woman, we can see that the
kappa's objective in hiding in the toilet is not necessarily to take the
shirikodama. Indeed, stories of
kappa raping women are common.
Yanagita, for example, reports:
In a household beside the river in Matsuzaki village women have
become pregnant with kappas' children for up to two generations. When
they are born, these children are hacked to pieces, put into small wine
casts, and buried in the ground. They are grotesque.
The relationship of the
kappa to the folk is one of great complexity and paradox. Clearly, the
kappa is recognized as a threatening and mischievous creature with
lethal tendencies, in many ways a metaphor for the violent potential of the natural world. But there is also a sense of both foolishness and honesty associated with it; these aspects hint at the dual nature of the
kappa as a trickster figure with
negative and destructive qualities, and also as a water/agriculture deity with
positive regenerative qualities.
Thus for example, the
kappa is notorious for attempting to lure horses and cows to a watery death; but the key word here is attempting. In most versions of this legend, the
kappa fails; its plan backfires and it (or just its arm) is pulled by the startled horse all the way to the stable. The
kappa's success rate in fondling women’s
shiri in the toilet may be slightly higher, but often on its second attempt its arm is grabbed and yanked from the body. And when its mischief goes awry, when it is weakened from losing water from its sara or incapacitated (emasculated) by a yanked-off arm, the honest and benevolent side of the
kappa's nature surfaces. In order to be set free or receive back its arm (the arm can often be reattached within a certain number of days), the
kappa will take an oath. It will pledge, for instance, to stop harassing people in the area, or to assist with work in the fields, or to teach its captor secret bonesetting techniques and formulas for making medicine and salves.
Further reading, with some humorous centuries-old illustrations:
http://www.onmarkproductions.com/html/kappa.shtml
The more you know.