The origin of the cold seems to be that you get blasted with cold wind, not from above but from the side, originating from the black void at the sides of the top of the tower. This is where the cold is most intense.
Thematically it seems to be inspired by the spider lair in Expedition, where you also hear a howling wind coming from somewhere, but the source of this cold wind could pretty much be anything, including some underground artifact or industrial implement.
If it really is coming from above ground, then it looks like you're basically already exposed to the surface at that point. You're blasted with cold wind from the side, and you take cover from it by getting behind the tower. It's not coming from above you.
Anyway, I wouldn't write off the idea that it's just an industrial thing, there are mysterious pipes everywhere, including pipes that lead into the black void where the wind comes from. And the weird consoles.