1) feel free to use regular and large shards (and twinklies) to your heart's content, they're sold in unlimited quantities and there's a few quick, efficient soul farming spots (the phalanx in the painted world and the forest hunters)
2) the large club could take a while because the enemies aren't really in farming-friendly spots (perhaps the fatsos at the beginning of blighttown from the depths are the most convenient?) and the drop rate isn't that good. manserpent shouldn't take long, i almost always end up with a couple even with just 10 humanity and no gold ring, and farming them is relatively quick (plus good parrying practice
)
3) the goldserpent ring (drop rate) is in Sen's fortress. remember the boulder trap and that room with the mimic holding the lightning spear at the bottom of it? stand in the entrance and let the boulders fill up that hole nearby, then the next boulder will smash the wall and the shiny you see is the ring (dash to it after a boulder and then take cover near the hole you came in from, on the right side)
4) you'll teleport (the lordvessel) as soon as you beat the boss of Anor Londo (probably one of the top 3 fights in the Souls games, so have fun and enjoy it
)