That consumerism is predicated on the survival of civilization because that is your consumer base. Here, he is saying that not only did Vault-Tec not save enough people, but they knew they wouldn't, and they didn't even save the top one percent. I think the best you could frame it is that Vault-Tec never thought the bombs would drop, but I don't think that is a reasonable assumption to make.
None of it makes sense anymore, particularly when you factor in the layers of stuff they've been building on since they came up with the "Vaults as experiments" thing. They keep adding new layers on top of that and move further and further away from it making any sense, not only with reality but also the setting itself. If you know there's going to be a nuclear war, you're clearly going to want people as a contingency for what comes after. If the whole goal is to experiment on those people to see the effects of them being in a colony ship, you're going to want a large number of people who aren't being screwed with in order to deal with something like an invasion that might follow after the nuclear war.
They then came up with experiments which make no sense in the context of the space travel thing, like the 999 men and 1 woman vault, the gambling vault, the lottery murder vault, and so on. Even worse is that a lot of these vaults will lower the amount of people leaving the vaults at some point, which would end up screwing you should the Chinese have vaults that don't kill off people. You'd be hard pressed to get the government to go along with all this just because the only way to win a nuclear war is if there were a large population that survive it.
Another assumption you could make is that Vault-Tec didn't realize how bad a nuclear war would be, but that makes no sense considering they're a company that used to specialize in making things that could withstand the test of the time during and after a nuclear war. Meaning they'd have to have some of the best research on the effects of a nuclear war given the amount of nuclear weapons that existed at the time they were making vaults. The main two factions that would absolutely know would be the military and Vault-Tec, being a government contractor.
This is honestly something that a lot of the designers and writers of the TV show just don't seem to get. They just want to write wacky torture vaults because they're funny. They took the concept of vaults, which would be the mechanism for "winning" a nuclear war to mechanisms for losing the nuclear war in the most slapstick ways possible.