The first confirmed use of cannon in Europe was in southern Iberia, by the
Moors, in the
Siege of Cordoba in 1280.
[40] By this time, hand guns were probably in use, as
scopettieri—"gun bearers"—were mentioned in conjunction with
crossbowmen, in 1281. In Iberia, the "first artillery-masters on the Peninsula" were enlisted, at around the same time.
[41] The first metal cannon was the
pot-de-fer. Loaded with an arrow-like
bolt that was probably wrapped in leather to allow greater thrusting power, it was set off through a
touch hole with a heated wire. This weapon, and others similar, were used by both the
French and English during the
Hundred Years' War, when cannon saw their first real use on the European battlefield.
[40]