Wine drinking was prominent in Classical Islam, from
Al-Andalus in the west to
Khorasan in the east.
[5] The Iranian
Saffarid and
Samanid rulers, the first to look for autonomy from their
Abbasid suzerains, were known, as Matthee explains, "for the gusto with which they and their entourage indulged in wine-drinking."
[5] The 11th-century
Qabus-nama, written by
Keikavus of the
Ziyarid dynasty, explicitly records that the
Quran prohibits wine consumption, yet also states advice (same goes for
Nizam al-Mulk's
Siyasatnama) on what the proper fashion is for drinking wine while also taking it for granted that wine will be served at feasts.
[6]
The English traveller and writer
Thomas Herbert wrote in 1627 about the difference between wine consumption of the
Ottomans and
Iranians.
[7] According to Herbert, the Ottomans, who, although were prohibited to drink wine by law, still drank it covertly.
[7] The Iranians on the other hand, Herbert asserted, since a long period of time, drunk wine openly and with excess.
[7] According to the French traveller
Jean Chardin, who was in 17th-century
Safavid Iran, drinking was mainly done in order to get drunk fast hence the appreciation of Iranians for strong wines.
[8] Echoing Reinhold Lubenau's writings on late 16th-century Ottoman Constantinople (modern-day
Istanbul), Chardin reported that "Iranians would recoil while drinking, treating alcohol like a medicine to be swallowed rather than enjoyed".
[8] Matthee explains that the goal of getting drunk quickly stemmed from the fact that alcohol in Islamic culture was "not synonymous with sociability".
[8] As alcohol is considered a forbidden substance in Islam, alcohol could never become fully integrated into the idea of a proper life.
[8] Unlike the ancient Greek
symposium tradition, where alcohol was considered a substance to brighten up the ambiance, it was firmly entrenched as part of the lifestyle of the elite.
[8] Nevertheless, even there alcohol remained a "forbidden fruit, and thus could not escape furtive embrace amid public disavowal".
[8] In the Islamic world, the drinking of alcohol never became part of the overall food and drinking culture, in the way of "enhancing the convivial atmosphere of the meal, the way it did in Mediterranean and Christian/European culture".
[8] Meals in the Islamic world were usually eaten in silence with a glass of water.
[9] After that, the host and the guests would engage in discussion with coffee and tea with the water pipe, and usually in a different room.
[9]
According to Matthee, social class was also important in the assessment of alcohol consumption.
[10] People who drunk alcohol were usually from higher social ranks, the elite (
khass), whereas abstemiousness was most prevalent among the middling classes, who were simultaneously known for their piousness.
[10] The upper classes drunk as they believed they were entitled to, that is, enjoying alcohol as a 'right', a privilege traditionally bestowed upon the elite in Islamic lands.
[10] Abstention from alcohol belonged to the commoners, the
avvam, who were unable to restrain themselves.
[10] The lowest social classes usually used other drugs, most prominently
opium (which is not condemned in particular by the
Quran or the
hadiths).
[10] They generally used it, as Matthee explains, to while away boredom, to gain stupefaction from their troublesome lifes, and especially as a form of self-medication.
[10]
Common people who drunk in those times were associated with subcultures of subterfuge and furtiveness, Matthee explains.
[10] These people would usually sneak off to
taverns in back-alleys of the predominantly non-Muslim inhabited parts of cities and towns, which were run by
Jews and
Armenians.
[10] Taverns were deemed as "disreputable" in Islamic lands, and were associated "with the seamy side of life, and the tavern owner occupied 'roughly the same place on the social scale as the prostitute, the over homosexual, and the itinerant entertainer'".
[10]
Alcoholic drinks were commonly drunk amongst the elite, and Muslims often visited the taverns; however, alcohol was "formally outlawed", hence it could not operate in the reality of everyday life.
[10] Thus, in turn, as Matthee explains, the drinking of wine "became a metaphor for the ardent feelings of the lover for the beloved in the imaginary world of (mystical) poetry"